Abstract:
Apparatus (10, 30, 60) and a method for generating low energy electrons (26, 46) for neutralizing charges (16, 36, 66) accumulated on a wafer (14, 34, 64) is provided. The apparatus includes a photocathode (24, 44, 67) located within a predetermined distance from the wafer (14, 34, 64), and a light source (20, 40, 70, 76, 86) operable to emit a light (22, 42, 72, 78, 88) striking the photocathode (24, 44, 67), the photocathode (24, 44, 67) generating a cloud of low energy electrons (26, 46) with a narrow energy distribution near the wafer (14, 34, 64).